RAIGAMBRE

Revista Cultural Hispánica

sábado, 27 de diciembre de 2014

"LAS CUESTIONES PERMANENTES" DE ESPAÑA, SEGÚN JUAN DONOSO CORTÉS






EL GERMEN DE
LOS DOGMAS NACIONALES
DE VÁZQUEZ DE MELLA

Manuel Fernández Espinosa


Fue Ernst Jünger quien, en uno de sus viajes a Portugal, reparó en el paralelismo biográfico (diríase que plutarquiano) que hay en dos de los más grandes poetas peninsulares: Luis Vaz de Camoens y Miguel de Cervantes, pudiendo Jünger escribir: "Las similitudes entre el destino de Camões y el de Cervantes causan una impresión extraña: batallas navales, prisión, disfavor de los príncipes, celebridad mundial después de la muerte. Cervantes fue alcanzado en un brazo en Lepanto, Camões perdió un ojo ante Ceuta. Como en muchas vidas ibéricas, también en la suya interviene el mar con sus mudanzas engañosas; es algo que podría ampliarse a Colón y a los conquistadores".
 
Es difícil leer este pasaje y no percatarse del uso implícito que está haciendo Jünger de una de las categorías interpretativas de la filosofía de la historia y la geopolítica abordadas por el amigo de Jünger, Carl Schmitt, en "Tierra y mar" (1942). Jünger interpreta las "vidas ibéricas" como vidas anfibias, entre el elemento terrestre y el mudable elemento marino. Sin entrar en honduras schimittianas, la similitud histórica que presentan Portugal y España (ejemplarizadas en las vidas de Camões y Cervantes) es un hecho que, sin prescindir de la tierra y el mar, apunta a un destino común que se asienta en la geografía y en la comunidad de intereses vitales.
 
Ni Schmitt ni Jünger fueron ajenos al pensamiento de Juan Donoso Cortés, que lo precisó con esa lucidez que le caracterizaba. En el "Discurso acerca de las relaciones de España con otras potencias", pronunciado por el filósofo extremeño en el Congreso de los Diputados el día 4 de marzo de 1847 es suficientemente elocuente.
 
Este discurso de Donoso Cortés atraviesa el tiempo para interpelarnos con la fuerza de lo ineludible. Como la mayor parte de sus discursos, nos encontramos ante una pieza que trasciende la oratoria y la trivialidad de los asuntos políticos, para adquirir una vigencia perenne. En él se afirman las "cuestiones permanentes" (también pudiéramos decir los "intereses permanentes") que condicionan nuestra política según la situación geográfica:
 
"Nosotros no podemos ser una gran nación continental, porque la Francia tiene guardadas las puertas del continente. Nosotros no podemos ser una gran nación marítima, porque los buques británicos están a tiro de cañón de nuestros puertos".
 
El tema principal que trata este discurso es la explanación de los dos grandes peligros que se ciernen en ese momento para España: la colonización francesa de África y la influencia que Inglaterra ejerce sobre Portugal. Son cuestiones que pudieran parecer de rango histórico y, por ello, "superadas" a día de hoy; pero merece la pena la lección que se nos da. No es cuestión baladí para Donoso Cortés esta peligrosa proximidad de Inglaterra y Francia. Si por un lado Francia se instala en África, España quedaría bloqueada y económicamente se infligiría un daño irreparable por la competencia de los productos franceses en África. Sin embargo, el consuelo es que Francia no podrá realizar plenamente su proyecto, pues Portugal y España son las dos naciones que, por sus condiciones étnicas y culturales, más fácilmente podrían "civilizar" África, colonizándola. Sin embargo, esto no puede hacerse -opina Donoso Cortés- por la intromisión británica en Portugal. Cumple, por lo tanto, ejercer una influencia -a ser posible exclusiva- de España en los asuntos lusitanos. La unidad con Portugal que se insinúa no puede ser -bajo ningún concepto- por la conquista, sino por la influencia. "El día que la nación se redondee, por decirlo así; el día que la nación sea señora de sí misma, ese día esta nación podrá ser poderosa, una de las más poderosas de la tierra".
 
Donoso Cortés niega que España tenga (a mediados del siglo XIX) una política exterior. La tuvo en sus gloriosos tiempos y no se descarta que pudiera tenerla en un futuro, pero en 1847, cuando está dirigiéndole la palabra a los diputados del Congreso, afirma la inexistencia de esa política exterior y le asiste toda la razón. El mismo Donoso Cortés nos proporciona la definición de lo que hay que entender por "política exterior". Hay que entender política exterior como "un sistema calculado de alianzas", una dirección de "la actividad nacional en sus relaciones con las potencias extranjeras hacia un fin glorioso", "un conocimiento profundo de los intereses extranjeros que nos son contrarios", así como su envés: "un conocimiento profundo de los [intereses extranjeros] que nos son afines".
 
Así las cosas, España no dispone en ese momento (hoy en día podemos aseverar que tampoco) de una "política exterior", pues el fin de la gran política exterior es, como dice Donoso Cortés: no doblarse a influencias directas o indirectas del extranjero. Y España, en ese entonces (como hoy también) malgasta sus fuerzas vitales en discusiones estériles y en "domar a las facciones", quedando a merced del extranjero. 
 
Donoso Cortés es uno de los primeros que declaran el bastardo interés que Inglaterra y Francia tienen en dividirnos. Desde ese punto de vista hay que entender su polémica de 1838 con el doctrinario Doctor Pellegrino Rossi (1787-1848) y en el mismo discurso que estamos comentando el mismo Donoso Cortés nos dice: "lo que tenemos que temer  nosotros de la Inglaterra, lo que por la Inglaterra está realizado ya, si puede decirse así, es el rompimiento de nuestra unidad territorial".
 
Despejar las dos amenazas -la francesa y la británica- "no son para nosotros cuestiones de engrandecimiento, sino cuestiones de porvenir, de existencia".
 
Donoso Cortés señala, como ningún otro en su época, que la urgencia por la reintegración de la Península Ibérica es cuestión de vida o muerte. La lúcida exposición de Donoso Cortés no sería atendida tanto por los de su sector político, como por los que pudiéramos llamar la izquierda de la época. Así fue como, más tarde, el catalán Sinibaldo de Mas y Sanz (1809-1868) escribiría su libro "La Iberia. Memoria sobre la conveniencia de la unión pacífica y legal de Portugal y España", siendo uno de los pioneros españoles del iberismo, que tampoco carecería de eminentes pensadores portugueses. Y Juan Valera, algo más escéptico, también apuntaría a la necesidad de un entendimiento entre Portugal y España para los intereses de una expansión en África. En el campo tradicionalista, el que más brillantemente trataría las "cuestiones permanentes" esbozadas por Donoso Cortés, sería Juan Vázquez de Mella que las expuso como los tres "dogmas nacionales":
 
-Dominio del Estrecho.
 
-Integridad peninsular.
 
-Imperio espiritual con las naciones hermanas de Iberoamérica.
 
En conjunto, queda claro que, España no disponía en los días de Donoso Cortés de una política exterior. Pero, hoy en día, España tampoco dispone de política exterior alguna. Mientras estemos sometidos a las directrices que marcan ONU, OTAN y UE, España seguirá siendo una desgraciada nación con tendencias suicidas de desgarramiento, fragmentación y destrucción. Nuestra política nacional es la más deplorable muestra de una política ficticia que no es más que la gestión de nuestros recursos por unos "políticos" indígenas que, como cipayos, obran a manera de recaderos de extraños y hacen de capataces en una nación sierva, rendida a intereses extranjeros y siempre nocivos. Sería cuestión de abordar con más detenimiento lo que debiera ser una política exterior española, pero para eso habría que redondear la nación: no solo con la amistosa re-unificación de Portugal. Y para eso, puede que vaya siendo tarde: pues, si nos descuidamos, no habrá ni España.


BIBLIOGRAFÍA


Ernst Jünger, "Pasados los setenta I (1965-1970). Radiaciones", Tusquets Editores.

Juan Donoso Cortés, "Obras completas de Juan Donoso Cortés" (dos volúmenes), recopiladas y anotadas por el Dr. Don Juan Juretschke, Editorial Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos.
     

viernes, 26 de diciembre de 2014

NAVIDAD SIN NAVIDAD

 
Por David Guerrero González
Es algo muy repetido, pero no por ello menos cierto, que vivimos en una sociedad entregada en cuerpo y alma al consumismo y al hedonismo. Una prueba fehaciente de ello es como la Navidad ha sido desprovista de su verdadero sentido, para ser convertida en algo así como el mayor exponente del descontrol juerguista y consumista, todo aliñado, eso sí, con frasecillas sentimentaloides,  que desprovistas de toda espiritualidad, mueven a un falso buenismo que desaparece, cual pompa de jabón, en apenas unas horas.
No hace falta ser muy avispado para percatarse de lo anteriormente expuesto. Sólo basta mirar a nuestro alrededor, incluso en círculos de amistades que se autodenominan cristianos, para comprobar que el desastre es mayúsculo, y si osamos llamar la atención lo más mínimo seremos pronto llamados intransigentes y, por si cabe mayor barbaridad, seremos acusados de no vivir el espíritu navideño. Como decimos por mi tierra… “Pa reventá…”
El colmo del despropósito es comprobar que personas que presumen de ateísmo celebran la navidad con todo entusiasmo y sin ningún complejo, y es que si a esta fiesta se la descompone y se la desnuda de su sentido religioso, pues todos se sienten con “derecho” a celebrarla con fiestas orgiásticas y excesos de todo tipo.
¿Cómo se lucha contra todo esto? Pues viviendo estos días con la íntima alegría que derrama el Belén, con un sentido austero de la alegría y dando testimonio de Aquél que, siendo ejemplo de Santa Humildad, quiso compartir nuestros sufrimientos haciéndose niño en un pobre establo, pero eso sí, acariciado del amor de la Virgen María y su castísimo esposo San José. Aprendamos de ellos a permanecer como familia ante los envites de un tiempo y una sociedad que han perdido el norte.

jueves, 18 de diciembre de 2014

CATALONIA AND THE WORLD




Translation by Txio Basauri 


With regard to the last events about so-called separatist 'referendum' in Catalonia, locals and foreigners are wondering (and really do not understand) what happens in Spain. And to give them answers is never easy, but we believe we must try it, because this kind of prolonged agony that seems to suffer Spain imposes plain speaking. Even british Prime Minister Cameron tried to call to sanity asking the unity of Spain, which gives us an idea of how the situation is.

Anyway, let’s see step by step:

- Several european and south american media are spreading a false story in which an alleged 80% of Catalans voted for independence. This is false, basically because not even 30% of catalans have gone to vote, in an illegal farce, where catalan residents in other regions of Spain could not to vote, and where immigrants and children have voted. The polls have been open for several days according to its organizers, and as we have seen in many images, some people have voted several times. And yet, neither it has reached more than 30% for the "Yes". Then, how will want 80% of the Catalan people separate from Spain?










- Truly the Cameron's words are understood after what happened in Scotland. But what Cameron and many others do not know is that Scotland in no way compares to Catalonia. For example, Do you imagine that in Scotland would have been made a referendum for independence from the Hebrides? Well that would be the most serious parallelism that could be done. Catalonia, unlike Scotland, never was an independent kingdom. If you would like to make a real paralelism, an independence referendum would have to do it in the Kingdom of Aragon, ie the current regions of Catalonia, Aragon, Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The catalan separatists speak about of fictitious "Catalan Countries", which have never existed either historically or even culturally or linguistically, yet they never will dare raise a referendum in these regions they consider their property, because they know that would lose overwhelmingly. Neither Aragonese or Valencian or Balearic people and most Catalans want to separate from Spain, our common and ancient homeland. However, the catalan separatists, in addition to using foul play in his homeland, want to force other regions as well, and without asking opinion.

Returning to Scotland, do you imagine that the separatists say that Scotland also must take Wales and Ireland, without even asking? Well, this is the clearest parallels can be found on this issue.

Furthermore (because some people are so fond to parallels), Would Switzerland break into pieces because of hosting four languages? Not only in Spain several languages are spoken, indeed it happens in most of Europe. In France are also spoken Breton, Provencal and Corsican, even Basque and Catalan. In Germany are spoken Serbian, a Slavic language very minor, and in some areas, Polish, spoken by descendants of immigrants in this country. In Italy are spoken Sardinian, Xeneize, Genoese, Neapolitan ... And don't mention some countries in Eastern Europe. Also in USA some areas already speaks more Spanish than English. And in Peru, which in addition to Spanish, Quechua and Aymara, numerous native languages and dialects are spoken. And the same can be said of all the countries bordering the Amazon river. In North Africa, in addition to an arabic dialect that has little to do with classical Arabic language, spoken more to east from Egypt, is spoken Tamazight, the Berber language.  And what about the Black Africa? Do people know how many languages are spoken in China? Even Andorra is a catalan and spanish speaker country!

It means that according to catalan separatist beliefs, no country in the world could be in calm.

Historical ¿Reasons? Let's see how the separatists act: In Andalusia, the so-called "andalucistas" say that all our misfortunes are due to an atrocious conquest by barbarians from the north of the peninsula (among which are Basque and Catalan) that destroyed an idyllic islamic world. However, the Catalan separatists say exhort James I the Conqueror, King of Aragon in the thirteenth century conquered Valencia and the Balearic Islam, and whose help was instrumental in taking Murcia. However, the separatists in both sides say they're comrades. But if they were consistent they would be faced, since the "andalucista" doctrine criticizes the "barbarians of the North", among which are the Catalans ... But apparently, hatred, falsehood and injustice is stronger than knowledge . Anyway, Jaime I the Conqueror, when he wanted to organize a crusade that ultimately was unsuccessful, said: "Barons, we can leave, because today, at least we have left in good stead honor in Spain" (1). We say this because according to the fanciful theories of the separatists, Catalonia was an independent country until 1714, in which the Borbon dynasty annexed Catalonia by force, and becoming Rafael Casanova in a kind of Catalan national hero like "Braveheart" . But at that time Catalonia was part of the Crown of Aragon and was not independent from Spain, and Rafael de Casanova, who struggled because the Archduke of Austria were the king of Spain, proclaimed: "(...) save freedom of the Principality and all Spain; avoid slavery that awaits the Catalans and the rest of the Spaniards under French rule, shedding the blood gloriously by the king, on his honor, for their country and for the freedom of all Spain "; as well remembers Casanova's descendant (2), who doesn't like to use the name of his ancestor to distort history, a history that has ever existed rather than in lying heads. Because what was experienced in Spain in the early eighteenth century was a war of succession, where the Archduke of Austria did not accept the will of Charles II and, aided by the Netherlands and the British Empire, he faced Felipe V, the house of Bourbon, and rightful King of Spain by which Basques (3) and Navarres fought tooth and nail, and whom were rewarded conscientiously.

If we continue in history, in the war against Napoleon, the Catalans fought as one man with the rest of Spain. So much so that Agustina de Aragón, great heroine of this conflict was a full blooded catalan. As José Javier Esparza (4) says: "It's very clear the Catalan case. France, supported by a minority of separatists, offered even declare the Catalan as official language for a conceived Catalonia as an extension of the Napoleonic empire of the south Pyrenees. Facing the French offer, the vast majority of the Catalan population preferred to continue defending Spain and indeed, after the war those separatists had to leave the country as "Frenchified". Recall that Agustina de Aragon was Catalan. The Catalans also fought in the Bruc, in Gerona and many other points, guerrilla bands that became a nightmare for the French. In Catalonia, as in the rest of Spain, people fought for religion, country, crown and freedom, and it was for them one and the same thing, and all by the name of Spain. Equally clear is the case in the Basque Country, where, incidentally, the French repression was very bloody from the first moment. Also from the first moment it was clear the determination of Basques together to defend Spain and the Crown against the Napoleonic invasion. And besides, they do it precisely in the name of their Spanishness. There's an irrefutable document, the proclamation of the Board of Biscay in the same year, 1808, just triggered the insurrection against the French, and is a genuine appeal to the Spanish national unity. It read: "The Spanish Basques others Spanish: we are brothers, one spirit animates us all. Aragon, Valencia, Catalonia, Andalusia, Galicia, Leon, Castile, forget for a moment these same names eternal harmony and do not call yourself, but Spaniards. Receive as incontrovertible proof of the spirit that animates us, the burnt offering to the spanish freedom from the Eguías, the Mendizábales, the Echevarrías and other infinite Basques families".




Agustina Saragossa i Doménech 
catalan heroine of the spanish independence


Years later, the Catalans living in Cumaná (Venezuela) would organize and fight to the death to defeat the Bolivarian troops, who wanted to separate Venezuela and other american Spains of the common homeland. And they would with numerous canaries that then became prominent royalist leaders, as was the Spaniard José Tomás Boves.

And in the most contemporary history, It's true that during the early years of the Franco regime there wasn't unfair treat to regional languages, against the advice of many people who were not against the regime. But it passed soon, being that Catalonia was the region that flourished with Francoism, attracting crowds of La Mancha, Aragon, Murcia, Basque, Galician, Extremadura, especially Andalusians, to work in its industry; industry that there wasn't in other regions of Spain, much more dependent on primary resources. And of course, many tributes were made to Franco in Catalan, of which we put illustrated examples:


  1. Barcelona recibe con entusiasmo a las tropas de Franco - www.dolcaCatalunya.com

    El nacionalismo catalán nos ha contado que la Guerra Civil fue un conflicto deCataluña contra "España", y que la Cataluña de ...



  1. Franco visita Cataluña

    http://catalibanes.blogspot.com/ No-Do sobre la visita de Franco a Cataluña en 1962 con motivo de las terribles inundaciones ...


  1. 1970 Visita de Franco a Barcelona - Catedral de Barcelona - Pedralbes - Cataluña

    • de Retroclips
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    • Hace 6 meses
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    • 5.317 visualizaciones
    1970 Visita de Franco a Barcelona - Catedral de Barcelona - Pedralbes - CataluñaRetroclips es un canal dedicado a recopilar ...








Plaque honoring General Franco in Catalan language in 1964


Las fotos no mienten: así agasajaba a Franco el Orfeó Català.

Franco Orfeó



El Barça ¿bastión de resistencia al franquismo? Condecoró ...





Well, we could have saved all these examples because even since before there was a name "Catalonia", the franks named those lands as the Spanish Mark, and "Hispani" to its inhabitants. It was there when it started to form the word "hispani-ol" (español = spaniard) the historic demonym of our homeland. And not surprisingly, from catalan language have come numerous words we use in Castilian - spanish and american lingua franca par excellence -, such as "peseta" (penny), "papel" (paper), "avería" (error), "añoranza" (longing), "butifarra" (sausage), "Capicúa" (palindrome), "linaje" (lineage), "rol" (rol), "reloj" (clock), "turrón" (nougat), and so many others (5).

So things, many people, with quite fair logic, might ask How it have penetrated so many lies, being as clear history, in a region like Catalonia, which until recently was the industrial engine of Spain?. It's one of the many things anybody can understand ... And is that few people can understand that in 1978, the regime leaded by Juan Carlos and Adolfo Suarez, established an electoral law regime unworthy and unfair as D'Hondt Act, which doesnt mean "one man, one vote ", but is governed by a misleading account of constituencies and proportionalities. In a system like the British constituencies, ie one candidate per hundred thousand inhabitants with an obligation to have an office in the territory, and where one man, one vote, separatism would never have gone from being a minority. But it turns out that separatism uses a spanish constituency system where parties with 300,000 votes have more deputies than matches with over one million voters. Also, by law, the state subsidizes political parties, trade unions and employers well. That is: The separatists use an unfair electoral system and taxes of all Spaniards to also impose a crazy educational system which can not be studied in spanish, a language that we share more than four hundred million people, and it is the mother tongue of most catalan families. Furthermore, it is added the system of autonomous regions, each region studied geography and distinct history, and all with differential invented facts ... And on top, receiving state subsidy. Because, if you do not know, the ghostly "Catalan embassies" and the "Basque etxeas" (6), ie, branches of "Basque" separatism also receive government subsidies; of the same State that in Lima, capital of Peru, funds the homosexual associations and "art" expos where they present to Santa Rosa de Lima as a transvestite (7); while thousands of young Spanish graduates are forced to emigrate, unable to return home soon.

All the separatist "catalan" oligarchy is steeped in tragicomic corruption, offshore accounts, in favors and dealings with mafias, and so on. And yet, all they can think of (in a Catalonia where the name "Muhammad" is becoming more common than "Jordi" ,where crime, insecurity and unemployment are rampant, where Islamism grows as foam); is to make a "referendum" that, rather than remembering a genuine Catalonia, ie model region around the Mediterranean, looks like a third-world show, where voted from children to women in hijabs. Total disfigurement for one of the greatest regions of Spain.

And you see, the facts are too clear.

Finally, I can only tell foreign friends who ask me about this topic: What would you think if in your own country, a regional separatist movement was receiving state funding, in an electoral system that continuously benefits them against parties with up to three times more votes; they were having ghostly embassies paid with money from all of you, and against state laws, they were organizing a referendum vote, banning the native residents in other cities to vote, or letting minors vote, and in addition to several times, or newly arrived immigrants vote?. And yet, nor the third part of that region have gone to vote to this farce. And despite everything, much of the international press would say that 80% of the population voted for independence. How would you feel?

Well, this is how Catalonia looks to the whole world. In contrast, although the corrupt state abandons it, a tide of catalans of good will grows and consolidates, thanks, among others, to the movement Somatemps, which is endorsed and energized, among others, by Professor Javier Barraycoa (8). The real Catalonia, full of people and tradition, is barely contained and can not hold more than its name is handled by corrupted people filled with lies and hate; and it's - perhaps - destined to lead a healthy, just and necessary reaction in a Spain punished everywhere. Hopefully so, because as Juan Vázquez de Mella, the great tribune of the Spanish tradition said: "After a terrible May 1, a May 2 will come more glorious than on 1808" (9).




By elmatinercarli.blogspot.com





(1) Jaime I, «el Conquistador - Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa




(2) Una descendiente de Rafael Casanova: "Él era un patriota ...




(3) For example, Blas de Lezo. Blas de Lezo, el vasco que humilló a Inglaterra




(4) España no nació el 2 de mayo - El Manifiesto




(5) Palabras de origen catalán en el castellano - Hispanismo.org




(6) la euskal etxea no es la casa de los vascos - raigambre




(7) Urgente convocación: ¡protestemos contra infame ...





(8) SOMATEMPS | secretaria@somatemps.com



Javier Barraycoa | - DolcaCatalunya



Javier Barraycoa, autor de 'Cataluña Hispana ... - YouTube









(9) Juan Vázquez de Mella - Portal Avant!